Mercerising Machine, Washing Machine, Cold wash chamber, Pad steam machine, Cold Pad Batch (C.P.B), Jigger Machine

                       Mercerising Machine

Mercerising: Mercerising is the process by which the fabric is treated with NaOH solution to cause swelling of fibers. This results in improved lestre, strength and dye affinity. Cotton is mercerized under tension and all alkali must be washed out before the tension is released or shrinkage will take place .Mercerizing can take place directly on grey cloth or after bleaching .

       Section of mercerizing machine:

           1. Coustic Zone
             2. Stabilizings Zone
             3. Washing Zone
             4. Drying Zone

                                           Figure: Mercerising machine

                                             Figure: benniger mercer

                                                    Washing Machine

Washing: Washing is the process to remove the impurities from the cloth. Water and soap are used as washing substance and also pH control.
              Main chamber of machine:

                    1. Cold wash chamber
                    2. Hot wash chamber

                                       Figure: Open-width washing machine


                                            Cold wash chamber

Cold wash chamber: In this chamber the cloth is washed by cold water. It is placed on the two ends of the machine.

                                 Figure: washing machine

                                                  Pad steam machine

Pad steam machine: Pad steam machine is one kind of washing machine. The basic difference from washing machine that pad steam machine contains a steamer. In pad steam the cloth pass through the steamer where the cloth is washed by steam at temperature 95-98°C and color fixation these zone. There are 20 rollers which are called dryer. The dryers are rotate by supplying power from motor by chain, gear and belt. The dryers dry the cloth by supplying steam from steam boiler. The clothes are collected by the quick return mechanism.

                                 Figure: Pad steam machine

              Application:

             1. To mix the color fixation of the cloth
               2. To wash the cloth
               3. pH control

                              Cold Pad Batch (C.P.B)

C.P.B: C.P.B or Cold Pad Batch machine is one kind of one color dyeing machine. In C.P.B machine there are spinner roller, steel roller and rubber roller. The spinner roller reduces the folding of cloth and the friction of rubber roller to help the cloth to spin the roller. In C.P.B machine the cloth pass through the roller and below the roller there is a container. The mixture of deices and chemical (NaOH/Urea) by the ratio of 4:1 used to dyeing the cloth. The chemical and deices kept in separated tank and by the help of dozzins pump chemical and deices mixed I 4:1 in a container. From this container using dozzins pump the mixture sprayed on the cloth. By the help of rubber roller the mixture of chemical and deices mixed uniformly on cloth. Finally the cloth is dried by the roller dryer.

Figure: Cold Pad Batch Dyeing Machine

                            Figure: Cold Pad Batch Machine

                    Application:

                          It is used for dyeing (one color) cloth

.

                                                    Jigger Machine

Jigger machine: Jigger is a multipurpose machine used for dyeing, scouring, bleaching etc. This machine is used for small purpose generally used for processing sample/short quality dyeing.

Figure: Jigger Machine

                   Main parts of machine:

                       1. Hydraulic motor
                       2. Heat exchanger
                       3. Coil
                       4. Electric motor / Pump

Comments

How to Calculate Heat Rate of Generator Engine?

Types of Power Plant (Technology) Natural Gas Based power plant technology Diesel power plant technology Heat Rate of Engine= Fuel Flow or Fuel burned * Fuel Heating Value / Power Output 1 Liter Diesel = 0.85 Kg Example: Heat Rate of Diesel Generator at 100% Load Engine Model- 2506A-E15TAG2 Engine Capacity=400 eKW Fuel Consumption=84 L = 71.4 Kg Electrical Energy Output = 400 KW Heating Value of Diesel = 42.5 MJ/Kg Heat Rate of Engine= Fuel Flow or Fuel burned * Fuel Heating Value / Power Output Heat Rate of Engine = 71.4 Kg * 42.5 MJ/Kg /400KW Heat Rate of Engine =7.58 MJ/KWH Heat Rate of Gas Generator at 100% Load Engine Model- VHP5904LTD Engine Capacity= 900 eKW Fuel Consumption= 271 Nm 3 Electrical Energy Output= 900 KW Fuel Consumption= 0.28 Nm3/KWH Heating Value of Natural Gas= 35.22 MJ/ Nm 3 Heat Rate of Engine= Fuel Flow or Fuel burned * Fuel Heating Value / Power Output

Packing, Seals and Gaskets

Packing, seal and gasket resists the flow of fluid from machinery face, head, joint and machinery gap or clearance. Packing materials: Fiber, asbestos, cotton, synthetic materials, plastic, Teflon, graphite etc. Packing structure: Twisted, Braided and Consolidated. Gasket: A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two mating surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under compression. Gaskets allow " less-than-perfect " mating surfaces on machine parts where they can fill irregularities. Gaskets are commonly produced by cutting from sheet materials, such as gasket paper, rubber, silicone, metal, cork, felt, neoprene, nitrile rubber, fiberglass, or a plastic polymer (such as polychlorotrifluoroethylene) Figure : Gaskets Name of the gasket uses

Why a dc generator fails to build up voltage?

How can the problem be remedied : No residual magnetism, reversed field connection and high resistance of field circuit are responsible for the failure of build up process of a dc generator. The factors are explained below: No residual magnetism: For the starting build up process requires some residual magnetism in the magnetic circuit then no voltage will be generated that can produce current flow through field circuit. Reversed field connection: The voltage induced inside the coil of field circuit due to residual magnetism that can permit the flow of current. For the following direction of this flux will be created and the direction of this flux will be same direction as the residual flux. If the field connections are reversed the lines of flux produced by current flow will oppose the residual flux, as a result generate voltage will decrease rather than increase. So voltage build up process failed. Field circuit resistance too high: A field

what is the difference between long shunt and short shunt dc generator?

How do they differ from normal generator? Draw their V-I characteristics and explain them? In short shunt connection the shunt field is connected directly across the armature terminals and the armature connection equals the sum of the shunt field current plus the load current . In this instance the load current flow s through the series field winding so that the load current and series field current are one and same. In long shunt connection the voltage across the shunt field is the same as the terminal voltage of the generator and current in the armature will be the current in the series field. The armature current equals the shunt field current plus the load current. A shunt generator has the field circuit connected directly across the armature. As more devices connected in parallel the load on the generator increases that the generator current increases which results decrease in terminal voltage of the generator.

Therbligs and Basic 17 motion name of therblig

Therbligs : A graphical representation of the co-ordinated activities of an operators body members. These activities ar described in terms of basic or fundamental motions known as therbligs. At the time Frank Gilbreth was doing his work in the field of motion study, he also concluded that any manual activity could be described in terms of 17 fundamental motions. This comparable to our being able to describe every word in the English language in terms of some of the 26 letters of the alphabet. Each of these fundamental motions is called a Therblig. Basic 17 motion name of Therblig : Name of Therblig Letter abbreviation Search Select Grasp Transport empty Transport loaded Hold Release Load Position Pre-position Inspect Assemble Disassemble Use Unavoidable Delay Avoidable Delay Plan Rest Sh ST G

Various Methods of Drawing Flow Nets

1. Hydraulic models: a. Streamlines can be traced by injecting a dye in a seepage model or Heleshaw apparatus. b. They by drawing equipotential lines the flow net is completed. 2. Analytical Method: a. It is only applied to problems with simple and ideal boundaries conditions. b. The equation corresponding curve ǿ and Ѱ are first obtained and the same are plotted to give the flow net pattern for the flow of fluid between the given boundary shape. 3. Electrical Analogy Method: This method based on the fact that the flow of fluids and flow of electricity through a conductor are analogus. These two systems are similar in the respect that electric potential is analogus to the velocity potential. The electric current is analogus to the velocity of flow and the homogeneous conductor is analogus to the homogeneous fluid. This method only for a practical method of drawing a flow net for a particular set of boundaries.

Which type of Battery connection Series or Parallel Connection is used for Diesel Generator?

Diesel Generator Battery Connection Batteries can emit explosive gases. To reduce the possibility of personal injury, always ventilate the compartment before servicing the batteries. To remove the possibility of arching, remove the negative battery cable is first and attach the negative battery last. When using jumper cables to start the engine make sure to connect the cables in parallel Positive to positive and negative to negative. When using external electrical source to start the engine, turn the disconnect switch to the OFF position. Remove the key before attaching the jumper cables. To avoid damage to engine parts do not connect jumper starting or battery charging cable to any fuel system or electronic component. Battery Parallel Connection: The accompanying illustration shows a typical parallel battery connection. This arrangement doubles the cranking amperage. Battery Series Connection: This illustration shows a typical

what is PIV drive? Why is PIV drive more effective than any other system of drive?

PIV Drive: A stepless drive where the transmission of torque takes place infinitly variable without slip is called PIV drive. There are some advantages of PIV drive: there is no slip in the transmission of power. Maximum transmission of power. Speed can be changed at running condition Any range of slip can be obtain It give constant cutting speed for the above reason PIV drive is more effective than any other system of drive

What are the main components of Automobile?

There have five basic parts for Automobile and they are given bellow: 1. Engine: Engine which is known to all as a power plant. Engine is the source of power which makes the car wheels rotate and the car move where it supply power to lubricating, fuel, electric and cooling systems. 2. Frame: Frame support the engine, body and wheels. 3. Power train: Power train transmit the power engine to the car wheels where its contain clutch, transmission, propeller shaft, axles and differential. 4. Car Body 5. Car body accessories: A car body accessory contains the heater, lights, radio, windshield wiper and convertible top raiser.

“Equalizer connection is needed in lap winding armature but not in wave winding “ why ?

The equivalent circuit of a four point – pole dynamo with a simplex winding. The voltage induced in each path is assumed to both to be same and should be if the reluctance of each magnetic path is the same, so that the lines of flux cut by each inductor of each path are the same. However wear of the bearings or deflection of the armature shaft may cause the armature to be closer to some poles and farther from others, thus changing the length of the air gap, and therefore the reluctance of the magnetic circuits of the poles is not identical. This factors cause the voltage in the materials making up the magnetic circuit. These factors cause the voltage in each parallel path differ, and the unequal voltages in turn cause flow of a circulating current through the windings and brushes , undue heating of the armature and waste the power. To reduce the circulating current, points on the winding which should be at the same potentials are brought to the same potentials by connecting

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