The copper loss of a transformer can be determined by short circuit test. In this test A watt meter W, voltmeter V and an ammeter A are connected in the high voltage winding. The low voltage winding is solidly short circuited by a thick conductor as shown in Fig 1. A low voltage usually 5 to 10% of normal primary voltage at correct frequency is applied to the primary and is cautiously increased till full load currents are flowing both in primary and secondary. Since, in this test, the applied voltage is a small percentage of the normal voltage, the mutual flux ? produced is also a small percentage of its normal value. Hence core losses are very small with the result that the watt meter reading represent the full load Cu loss or I2R loss for the whole transformer i.e. both primary Cu loss and secondary Cu loss. ...
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